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On 14th December 2012 Rens Bod delivered his inaugural address as Professor of Computational and Digital Humanities at the University of Amsterdam. Under the ominous title Het einde van de geesteswetenschappen 1.0 [The End of the Humanities 1.0], the lecture provided a spirited agenda for the future of the arts and humanities. This Forum of the BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review seeks to facilitate a discussion about Rens Bod's ideas from the perspective of current historical science in the Netherlands and Belgium. For this purpose the editors have asked three historians with expertise in digital humanities – Inger Leemans, Andreas Fickers and Marnix Beyen – to engage with Bod's agenda from their respective cultural, political and media historical perspective.

A Path of Negotiation: Hygienism as Science, Antwerp 1880-1900This article aims to revise the image of the nineteenth-century hygienist physician as a social reformer and lobbyist by concentrating on the development of hygienism as a scientific discipline. To this end, it examines the participation of hygienist physicians in various medical commissions and scientific societies in late nineteenth-century Antwerp. This participation shows the negotiations between hygienist physicians and their medical colleagues on the appropriate forum for their studies and the validity of their methods. In these negotiations the label of an'applied science' proved an important tool in overcoming internal differences and providing a balance between a medical audience and an audience of politicians. Such balancing was necessary as the investments in public health by the Antwerp local government also provided the infrastructure for hygienist research. The development of hygienism as a scientific discipline therefore forms a case in which the boundaries of what constituted science were expanded.

On 14th December 2012 Rens Bod delivered his inaugural address as Professor of Computational and Digital Humanities at the University of Amsterdam. Under the ominous title Het einde van de geesteswetenschappen 1.0 [The End of the Humanities 1.0], the lecture provided a spirited agenda for the future of the arts and humanities. This Forum of the BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review seeks to facilitate a discussion about Rens Bod's ideas from the perspective of current historical science in the Netherlands and Belgium. For this purpose the editors have asked three historians with expertise in digital humanities – Inger Leemans, Andreas Fickers and Marnix Beyen – to engage with Bod's agenda from their respective cultural, political and media historical perspective. This article is part of the forum 'The End of the Humanities 1.0'.

The political use and instrumentalization of history is a central theme within the historiography of history education. Neither history nor education is a politically neutral domain; history education is and has always been a highly politicized phenomenon. For his recent article on the development of history education in England, Germany, and the Netherlands throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Dutch history didactician Arie Wilschut chose the significant title, "History at the Mercy of Politicians and Ideologies." History education, Wilschut argues, has, in all three countries, continually—with a short break in the 1960s and 1970s—been instrumentalized by national politics to the detriment of unbiased interpretations of the past.

Aan het begin van de twintigste eeuw hielden rechtszaken rond seksueel geweld een groot risico in voor vrouwelijke slachtoffers. Bij medische onderzoeken en tijdens het proces moest het slachtoffer de eigen morele reputatie verdedigen, wat binnen de dominante culturele denkbeelden over vrouwelijke seksualiteit geen gemakkelijke opdracht was. In dit artikel wordt aan de hand van verschillende Antwerpse assisenzaken onderzocht hoe de juridische behandeling van zedenfeiten getekend werd door deze gegenderde opvattingen. Hierbij worden in het bijzonder de rol van de gerechtsarts en de stem van het vrouwelijke slachtoffer bestudeerd.

Commemoration and remembrance are integral elements of postmodern western culture. Although academic historians are increasingly inclined to acknowledge that there is no hard and fast dividing line between collective memory and professional historiography, they do not always welcome
the increasing pressure from national governments and international organizations to guide and even regulate collective memory through history education or through so-called 'remembrance education'. The rationale of remembrance education is that modern nations have a certain responsibility
for crimes or suffering that has been caused in the past, and that recognition of this forms a component of education in democratic citizenship. Remembrance education thus becomes a general umbrella for education about 'dark chapters' from the past, with the Holocaust as most evident
example. This article focuses on a single (sub)national case. Within the Flemish Community, which is the body responsible for education in Flanders and the Dutch-speaking schools in the federal Belgian capital Brussels, remembrance education has, since 2010, been an official part of the cross-curricular
final objectives of secondary education. Starting from the concrete context in which this initiative originated and is currently being developed, we examine the complex relationship between remembrance education and history teaching. The differences and affinities between both, we argue, become
visible by comparing the position of the academic discipline of history in both fields, by comparing the position of the present, the role of empathy and of a pedagogy of activation and by analysing the way in which ethical questions are dealt with. The absolute moral standards and the present-centred
character of remembrance education are, for instance, far removed from the ambitions to stimulate historical and contextual thinking that are central to history education. Many of the real tensions between both, however, reproduce in magnified form the equally real inter¬nal tensions that
characterize contemporary history teaching, with its simultaneous scientific and civic ambitions. But unlike remembrance education, history education does not regard memory as the starting point for knowledge or attitudes, but as a subject of critical historical research in its own right.

This special issue intends to show the potential of medical history to contribute to major historical debates, e.g. on the rise of the welfare state. Together the articles in this issue make clear that medical history, for the twentieth century even more so than for earlier periods, is strongly embedded in social, cultural and political history. The second goal of the special issue is methodological. It aims to highlight the conceptual work being done by medical historians in oral history, digital history and the study of material culture. These methodologies allow them to expand the range of actors in the medical field: architects, missionaries, 'laypersons', advertisers and drug users all extend the medical field beyond the established categories of 'doctor' and 'patient'. Through their eyes, the particularities of twentieth-century health care become clear: the strong presence of mass media and public opinion, the role of international organisations and the redefining of patients as citizen-consumers entitled to health care. This article is part of the special issue 'Blurring Boundaries: Towards a Medical History of the Twentieth Century'. Vervagende grenzen: naar een medische geschiedenis van de twintigste eeuwDit themanummer wil het potentieel van de medische geschiedenis tonen om bij te dragen tot belangrijke historische vraagstukken, zoals de opkomst van de welvaartstaat. De artikelen in dit nummer maken duidelijk dat de medische geschiedenis – voor de twintigste eeuw meer nog dan voor vroegere tijdvakken – nauw verbonden is met de sociale, culturele en politieke geschiedenis. De tweede doelstelling van dit nummer is van methodologische aard. Het wil de conceptuele vernieuwingen van medisch historici op het terrein van de mondelinge geschiedenis, de digitale geschiedenis en de studie van materiële cultuur onder de aandacht brengen. Dankzij deze methodologieën komen nieuwe actoren in beeld: architecten, missionarissen, 'leken', adverteerders en druggebruikers – actoren die het medische veld verruimen, voorbij de traditionele categorieën van 'arts' en 'patiënt'. Vanuit hun perspectief wordt de eigenheid van de twintigste-eeuwse gezondheidszorg duidelijk: een veld waarin de massamedia en de publieke opinie nadrukkelijk aanwezig zijn, waarin internationale organisaties een rol spelen, en waarin de patiënt wordt geherdefinieerd als burger-consument met recht op medische zorg. Dit artikel maakt deel uit van het themanummer 'Blurring Boundaries: Towards a Medical History of the Twentieth Century'.

Asceticism, so it is argued in this volume, is a modern category. The ubiquitous cult of the body, of fitness and diet equally evoke the ongoing success of ascetic practices and beliefs. Nostalgic memories of hardship and discipline in the army, youth movements or boarding schools remain as present as the fashionable irritation with the presumed modern-day laziness. In the very texture of contemporary culture, age-old asceticism proves to be remarkably alive. Old ascetic forms were remoulded to serve modern desires for personal authenticity, an authenticity that disconnected asceticism in the

"Introduction" -- "The Devil in the Madhouse" -- "Gustave Boissarie, Jean-Martin Charcot and Sigmund Freud" -- "Prophecies of Pilgrimage" -- "Medical and Mystical Opinion in British Catholicism" -- "Disenchanted America" -- "The Mad Saint as Healer" -- "Experiencing Religion and Medicine" -- "A Question of Competence and Authority" -- "Bibliography" -- "Index" -- "Contributors

Described as 'the hand of God', as 'pathological' or even as 'a clever trick', exceptional corporeal phenomena such as miraculous cures, stigmata, and incorrupt corpses have triggered heated debates in the past. Depending on their definition as either 'supernatural', 'psycho-somatic' or 'fraudulent', different authorities have sought to explain these enigmatic occurrences by stimulating inquiries and claiming jurisdiction over them. As a consequence, separate ecclesiastic and medical forms of expertise emerged on these issues in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This incommensurability has since echoed in historical analyses of paranormal events. In this book the emphasis is not placed solely on the debates within one or the other epistemological system (science or religion), but also on the crossovers and collaborations between them. Religion and science developed through a process of interaction. A changing religious climate and new religious currents provided new cases for study. Religious phenomena inspired new medical approaches such as the healing power of faith. New medical findings could be adopted to oppose new messiahs and medical imagery came to inspire the campaigns of opponents of aberrant of religious currents. Sign or Symptom? explores how the evolutions within religion and science influenced each other, a productive interaction that has been hidden from view until now.